Research, Policy and Practice
From: Pastoralist livelihoods and wildlife revenues in East Africa: a case for coexistence?
Site | Protected area | Conservation/ eco-tourism project | Non-farm | Crop and livestock |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mara | Maasai Mara NR earns $15 to $20 million pa | Numerous conservancy/ WA/tourism operations; 64% of hh earn from wildlife, which averages >20% mean annual income | Â | Richest site in livestock; commercial cultivation/land leasing declining |
Kitengela | Nairobi NP | KILA operates leaseback to keep rangeland unfenced; 14% of hh get ca 3% mean income this way | Urban effect: Land values > Kshs 100,000/acre | Off farm opportunities; urban market for milk (1/3 livestock-related income) and crops |
Population times 2.5 from 1989 to 1999 | ||||
Amboseli | Amboseli NP/NR | Numerous small tourism operations bring little to outer, drier group ranches | Â | Wetlands converted to intensive production; dry land cropping is risky |
Longido | None, but ringed by protected areas | Enduimet WMA sets aside majority of land for seven villages: State captures returns, negligible trickledown | Poorer hh rely on (limited) wage opportunities for food and to rebuild herds | Poorest site |
Farming essential; livestock are few but central | ||||
Tarangire | Tarangire and Manyara NPs = 13% area; $4.5 million pa gate fees, $0.5 million hunting revenues | Emboreet CBC; Manyara Ranch | 35% of hh get mining-related remittances; 45% respondents have been involved in mining | Mechanised maize cultivation initially tenure strategy, now for commercial profit |
Ongoing conflict:Sachedina (2008) |