Research, Policy and Practice
EES goals/property rights | Case study site 1 | Case study site 2 | Case study site 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cheabling | Sheytemi | Sha Gogona | Pilot leasing component | Chamgang | |
Dominant farming system | Yak and cattle herding | Yak herding | Yak herding | Cattle farming | Yak herding |
Property rights regime | Communal use rights | Private use rights (herders, absentee landlady) | Private use rights (local temple) | Mixed or hybrid type (pilot leasing programme) | Private use rights (herders, absentee landlords) |
Equity | High Members of Cheabling community have equal access to communal tsa-drog | Low to medium A group of 10 herders rent private tsa-drog and manages it as a de facto communal Members have equal access Members pay rent | High Community members have equal access to tsa-drog belonging to the local temple Users pay rent | High Each member household received a 2.5-Ha plot for improved pasture development | Low Some herders have access to less private use rights tsa-drog compared to their counterparts |
Efficiency | Low-medium No management rights Have community norms (Turkelboom, F., and T. Wangchuk. 2009) and rules such as entry-exit timing, appointment of community steward on a rotational basis, penalty system | Low-medium No management rights Need prior approval from the absentee landlord Rest same as Cheabling | Low-medium No management rights | Medium-high Have management rights Individual plots allotted to members Boundary fencing Have a group constitution and by-laws | Low-medium No management rights |
Sustainability | Low No management rights No restriction on the number of livestock one is allowed to graze Indiscriminate lopping of fodder trees from state forest for supplementary fodder Land degradation issues—landslides and flash floods | Low Same as Cheabling | Low to medium No management rights Less grazing pressure as there are only three herders left (one herder quit in 2012) | Medium to high Have management rights Members developed improved pasture Fodder conservation (silage making) expected to reduce lopping and free-ranging in state forest | Low to medium No management rights Less grazing pressure due to fewer number of herders (20 households) |