Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables

 Invasion

Average fractional cover of land invaded by Prosopis within 100-m radius of a household’s homestead (%)

16

0.4

71

 HHExp

Annual household per capita consumption expenditure (in ‘000 Birr)

0.33

0.23

5.30

 Incmcrop

Annual household income from crop production (in ‘000 Birr)

1.19

0

19.65

 Incmlivstk

Annual household income from livestock production (in ‘000 Birr)

2.29

0

83.41

 Incmcharcl

Annual household income from charcoal and fuel wood selling (in ‘000 Birr)

1.88

0

27.00

 Exphealth

Annual household per capita health expenditure (in ‘000 Birr)

0.66

0

4.50

 TLU

Number of livestock (tropical livestock unit)¹

6.11

0

170

 Assetval

Fixed asset value of main household properties (in ‘000 Birr)

0.23

0

7.03

 HHsize

Number of individuals living under the same roof

2.04

1

12

 Sex

Sex of household head (1 = male; 0 = female)

–

–

–

 Age

Age of a household head (year)

12.56

20

80

 Edu

Average education of a household members (years of schooling)

1.54

0

9

 NFIncm

Any household income source out of livestock and crop production (1 = yes; 0 = no)

–

–

–

 Aid

Any aid from governments and/or non-governments (1 = yes; 0 = no)

–

–

–

 Participation

Social participation of a household member in informal and/or formal institutions (1 = yes; 0 = no)

–

–

–

 Credit

Access to formal and/or informal credit (1 = yes; 0 = no)

–

–

–

 Dist_mkt

Distance to the nearest market centre (kilometres)

14.67

0.02

52

 Nrm_expert

Number of contacts a household head with natural resources management expert(s) in the year

2.06

0

50

 Dist_watrp

Distance to the nearest water point (kilometres)

0.43

0.01

50

 Dist_healt

Distance to the nearest health post (kilometres)

5.42

0.02

40

 Dist_school

Distance to the nearest school (kilometres)

5.26

0.01

60