Shifting livelihood strategies in northern Nigeria - extensified production and livelihood diversification amongst Fulani pastoralists

Pastoralism

Research, Policy and Practice

Table 6 Livelihood adaptations of agro-pastoral populations in West Africa

Location	Specialisation	Extensification	Intensification	Market integration	Diversification
Senegal (Adriansen 2006)	Abandoned cultivation	Use boreholes and watering tubes to exploit more rangeland		High capital and labour investment; dramatic changes in herd composition to fit market demand: high proportions of small ruminants for Eid al Adha and all beef rather than milk herds of cattle	High engagement in off-farm enterprise, including large-scale livestock trading
Mali (Ramisch 1999)			Integrated mixed farming
Cameroon (Moritz 2008)		Long-range transhumance	Stall-feeding industrial cottonseed cake and crop residues	High integration with urban markets which makes the increased labour and cost of stall-feeding worthwhile
Ivory coast (Diallo 2001, Tonah 2003)
Niger (Ayantunde et al. 2000, La Rovere et al. 2005)		Long-range transhumance	Night grazing, integrated mixed farming
Nigeria This study		Long-range transhumance			Significant investment in off-farm enterprises