Tracing innovation pathways in the management of natural and social capital on Laikipia Maasai Group Ranches, Kenya

Pastoralism

Research, Policy and Practice

Table 1 Emergent innovations in the management of natural and social capital among group ranch pastoral communities in Laikipia, Kenya

Livelihood assets		Emergent innovation	Citations (n = 105)	Percent frequency
Natural capital	Pasture swap	Trading grazing rights to non-members (agistment)	42	40
		Private ranch - GR alliance	38	36
		Expansion of Olokerii enclosures^a
	Resource use Diversification	Sand mining	63	60
		Wildlife and tourism	38	36
		Cultivation	29	28
		Manure sale	19	18
		Charcoal making	17	16^b
		Buying and selling of livestock	82	78
		Rearing of camels	13	12
		Increasing small stock (sheep and goats)	84	80
		Rearing of poultry	23	22
Social capital	Human	Children formal schooling	82	78
	Human	Hiring of Scouts/Rangers	32	30
		Wage remittance by salaried relatives	19	18
	Networks	Associations and self-help groups	48	46
	Businesses/trade	Eco-tourism related	13	12
	Businesses/trade	Others	29	28

^a Olokerii enclosures were not part of citations but a critical observation made during field surveys
^bCharcoal making was officially banned in the GR in 2009