Table 3 Frequency ( F ) of factors necessitating transhumance mentioned by the herders

1. To avoid the harsh winter cold and mortality of animals owing to high altitude

2. No space (enough land) and shortage of feed at temperate village in winter

3. To engage in the off-farm activities (transportation, petty contract and packaging)

4. To be able to take care of their animals, avoid animal parasites in the south, be able to grow crops in the village and supply draught power and manure for the crops

5. Because the summer Tsamdro in winter will be grazed by Bjops