Pastoralist livelihoods and wildlife revenues in East Africa: a case for coexistence?

Pastoralism

Research, Policy and Practice

Table 2 Context of wildlife-related and other income streams

Site	Protected area	Conservation/ eco-tourism project	Non-farm	Crop and livestock
Mara	Maasai Mara NR earns $15 to $20 million pa	Numerous conservancy/ WA/tourism operations; 64% of hh earn from wildlife, which averages >20% mean annual income		Richest site in livestock; commercial cultivation/land leasing declining
Kitengela	Nairobi NP	KILA operates leaseback to keep rangeland unfenced; 14% of hh get ca 3% mean income this way	Urban effect: Land values > Kshs 100,000/acre	Off farm opportunities; urban market for milk (1/3 livestock-related income) and crops
Kitengela	Nairobi NP		Population times 2.5 from 1989 to 1999
Amboseli	Amboseli NP/NR	Numerous small tourism operations bring little to outer, drier group ranches		Wetlands converted to intensive production; dry land cropping is risky
Longido	None, but ringed by protected areas	Enduimet WMA sets aside majority of land for seven villages: State captures returns, negligible trickledown	Poorer hh rely on (limited) wage opportunities for food and to rebuild herds	Poorest site
Longido	None, but ringed by protected areas			Farming essential; livestock are few but central
Tarangire	Tarangire and Manyara NPs = 13% area; $4.5 million pa gate fees, $0.5 million hunting revenues	Emboreet CBC; Manyara Ranch	35% of hh get mining-related remittances; 45% respondents have been involved in mining	Mechanised maize cultivation initially tenure strategy, now for commercial profit
Tarangire		Ongoing conflict:Sachedina (2008)

CBC community-based conservation, hh household, KILA Kitengela landowners' association, NP national park, NR national reserve, TLU Tropical livestock unit, WA wildlife association (Kenya), WMA wildlife management area (Tanzania).