Table 1 Characterization of the four study sites

Amboseli (8,400 km²)

350-600

(Bimodal)

Group ranches. Private

Livestock, wildlife, agriculture and horticulture

G, 34; S, 5; WB, 60; W, 1

Kitengela (390 km²)

440-900

(Bimodal)

Privately owned, subdivided from 1986

Livestock, wildlife, agriculture and horticulture

G, 91; S, 7; WB, 1; urban areas, 1

Maasai Mara (6,500 km²)

400-1200

(Bimodal)

Privately owned, subdivided from 2000

Livestock, wildlife, little agriculture

Grassland, 60; S, 34; WB, 6

Simanjiro 384.2

650-900

(Bimodal)

Government owned, village control

Livestock, wildlife, expanding agriculture

G, 62; WB, 28; C, 10